MEASUREMENTS
The human beings are very creative in developing new
ideas, techniques with their intellectual abilities.
The human being take ideas from the history and develop
these ideas with the help of science and technology. This
develops to research work and invent new techniques to co-op
the circumstances and different conditions.
Tests and Measurement is one of that technology which
human being uses to check the quality.
Many types of measurement technique are used from the
very first start of Sports and Physical education. Mainly the
start of measurement is from the mid of 19th century. This was
adopted to emphasis on human talent, ability, efficiency and
accuracy to perform the physical activities.
Assessment is the main aspect of the training programme
that occurs after an athlete has been trained but if you want to
know where you are going, first need to determine where you
are ? Assessment-before, during and after training
programmes, allows the athlete and coach to test various
abilities and their status.
A historical aspect of varies techniques of measurements
used in sports is given below:
TECHNIQUE OF MEASUREMENT
Anthropometry 1861
Muscular Strength Endurance 1880
Athletics Ability Testing 1900
Cardiovascular Measurement 1900
Sports skill testing 1913
Power measurement 1921
Medical Test 1921
Social Measurement 1930
Programme Evaluation 1930
Reaction time and Speed of movement 1936
Balance measurement 1939
Physical Fitness 1940
Knowledge Testing 1940
Somato Typing 1940
Flexibility testing 1941
There tests have been discussed at international level in
Dec. 1984 and Dec. 1987 in the meeting of exercise
physiologists in London. Similarly modification to various
method of muscular strength testing, anaerobic power testing
have resulted in the development of a large number of new
laboratory and field equipment in many of the developed
countries like USA, Canada, Germany, Japan, Switzerland,
France, England etc. Likewise the somatotype method of
measuring human physique has been modified a number of
times mainly by health centre 1967, 1974, 1980, Kansal, 1983.
Now reference to some important modern development
of practical utility in measurement methodology which are
frequently applied on the student of sports and physical
education person, has been given in the following section:
• Somatotype
• Body Composition
• Cardiovascular function testing
• Lung function testing
• Aerobic power testing
• Anaerobic power testing
• Performance testing
BASIC TERMS
Before we explore more fully other purposes for
evaluation. It seems appropriate to identity and discuss the
following basic terms.
Test:- A test is a form of questioning and measuring used
to assess retention of knowledge and capability or to measure
ability in some physical Endeavour.
Measurement:- Measurement is an aid to the evaluation
process in what various tools and techniques are used in the
collection of data.
Evaluation:- Evaluation transcends mere measurement
in that basically subjective judgments are based upon the data
collected in the measurement process. Such judgements may
aid us in determining the extent to which we are accomplishing
our objectives.
Research:- Research is used to designate those careful
investigations conducted to exited knowledge or to further
explore and verify that which has already been explored.
From the above we can see that a test is merely one form
of measurement, while measurement itself involves all the
tools which may be employed in the collection of data. While
testing may be thought of as being conducted in a formal
manner, a measure may be made informally as well as
formally. Thus tests and measurements provide information
about a specific act which has taken place at a specific time.
Evaluation is a more general concept indicating a
consistent level of performance while giving meaning to the
tests and measures conducted in order to make an intelligent
evaluation, one must know the desired objectives, know which
tools are most effective for collection of data and made
unbiased judgements concerning educational significance.
Research has to rely on scientifically constructed tests
and measuring instruments in order to reach a satisfactory
conclusion. Thus tests and measuring instruments are basic
tool of research and the measurements course should be
thought of one of the prerequisites to search. It should also be
pointed out that it is through research, that the physical
education is able to determine effective means of
measurements and evaluation. Consequently, each area
complement the other.
THE NEED FOR MEASUREMENTS IN
EVALUATION PROCESS
There are many reasons for employing tests and
measurements. Moreover, once the data have been collected,
the interpretation and utilization of the information may have
varied application. To be more specific, a test that is given for
the purpose of improving the learning process may be put to
further use by the teacher in grading and in interpreting the
programme to pupils, administrators, teachers and other
interested groups.
Some of the reasons for the utilization of tests and
measurements in the evaluation process are to:
1. To motivate students when there appears to be leveling
off of interest in the instruction. Test also helps the
teacher to end the unit of instruction with a high level of
interest.
2. Help the teachers to assess students performance.
3. Enable the teacher to objectively measure improvement
by testing before and after the unit of instruction.
4. Assist the teacher in pinpointing the limitations as well as
the strong points in a program.
5. Aid the teacher in evaluating different method of
instruction.
6. Provide a basis for the classification of players and teams
for practice and competition.
7. Diagnose needs in relation to body mechanics, fitness
and motor skills.
8. Collect data for research.
9. Help establish age, sex and grade level norms for use
within a school or school district as well as for
comparison with national norms.
10. Enable the teacher to evaluate his own teaching
effectiveness.
BASIC CONCEPTS IN TEST EVALUATION
As in any area of specialization, it is necessary to have a
basic understanding of the terms that are used. Four of the
most basic concepts involved in test construction and
evaluation are validity, reliability and objectivity and
standardization.
VALIDITY
Validity refers to the degree to which a test measures
what it designed to measure.
RELIABILITY
Reliability may be thought of as the repeatability of a
test.
OBJECTIVITY
Objectivity of a test pertains primarily to the clarity of the
directions for administering and scoring the test.
STANDARDIZATION
Standardization are values considered to be
representative of a specified population.
AREAS OF TESTS AND
MEASUREMENTS
An assessment of result is necessary to determine the
level of varies abilities in different areas. The selection of test
in different areas would be determined primarily by the
designed objectives. The following are the areas of test and
measurements:-
1. Psychological Tests
2. Physiological Tests.
3. Anthropometrical tests.
I. PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS:-
a. Simple Visual Reaction Time:- This time is
measured on chronoscope or reaction timer.
b. Concentration:- It is measured by "know' cube
imitation test."
c. Sports Competition Anxiety Test:- It is measured
by an idea by scat in a "questionnaire."
II. PHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS
Base line test:- Aerobic capacity graded exercise Vo2
standard protocol.
Monitoring Test:- 9% max 4x2 cycling weth/minute rest
in between 40 based Hr, Hr max, O2 dept, VO2, Atvo2 (MIY,
ATHR Rec – M.R.)
III. ANTHROPOMETRICAL TEST
(i) Body weight measured by weighing machine.
(ii) Stature or to measure the standing height by stadia
meter.
(iii) Somatotype.
IV. BIO-CHEMICAL TEST:
Bio chemical test is as follows;
(i) HB
(ii) Urea
(iii) Uric Acid
(iv) HD2
(v) C/H/Ratio
(vi) Cholesterol
V. BIO-MECHANICAL TESTS
1. Punch measurements
2. Physical Fitness tests.
3. Specific fitness tests.
4. Skill tests.
Martin (1980) has divided these tests into the following
five groups.
1. Sports motor tests.
2. Bio-mechanical testing procedures.
3. Standardised Competition and game observation.
4. Testing procedures of sports medicine and bio-chemistry.
5. Psychological testing procedures.
Bio-chemical testing procedures have proved an
immense value in assessing the efficiency of technical skills.
Testing procedures of sports medicine bio-chemistry and
psychological can give additional information about the
personality, health and performance capacity of the
sportsperson. Experience and training practice has shown
again and again that sports motor tests conducted on the field
are more reliable and valid for the assessment of training
state than the test conducted in the laboratories.
A coach should have a basic knowledge of tests of all
the groups. And he should be able to conduct specific motor
tests and skill tests (standardized competition and game
observation). Sports motor test are indispensable for the
assessment of physical fitness, technical and tactical skills.
The sports motor test are important pre-requisities for
the regulation of sports training. Sports motor tests can aim at
the measurements of motor abilities, technical skills and
tactical skills.
GENERAL TEST IN BOXING
1 Endurance Test -1000 meters
Test Aim: To determine level of the general endurance of the
boxer.
Equipment: Stop watch, whistle
Marking: